mūrkha - foolish, illiterate persons; nīca - lowborn; mleccha - unclean persons with no principles; ādi - and others; śāstra-rikta-gaṇa - persons devoid of all regulative principles stated in the śāstra; dhana-sañcayī - a capitalist (one who gathers wealth); nirgrantha - called nirgrantha; āra - also; ye - anyone who; nirdhana - without riches.

“ ‘Nirgrantha’ also refers to one who is illiterate, lowborn, misbehaved, unregulated and devoid of respect for the Vedic literature. The word also refers to one who is a capitalist and to one who has no riches.